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Which skills belong together?

If you look for React projects, 59% of them also ask for TypeScript. The reverse does not hold: only 31% of TypeScript projects require React. We analysed 52,106 IT freelance projects to find out which skills are typically requested together.

By . Data: 52,106 project listings from German IT freelance project boards, May 2026 – October 2026. Published , last updated .

The map of skill clusters

Each circle is a cluster: a group of skills that appear together in projects noticeably often. The bubbles inside are the cluster's most frequent skills; their area is the share of projects that mention the skill. Lines connect clusters whose skills are often requested together – the thicker, the closer. Hover over a bubble to see which skills it appears with most often.

Network of skill clusters: skills often requested together are linkedAgile Methods — in 9.1% of projects Often together with: Scrum 39%, Jira 29%, Confluence 21%, SAFe 19%, Kanban 14%AgileMethodsJira — in 8.5% of projects Often together with: Confluence 63%, Scrum 35%, Agile Methods 31%, SAFe 16%, Kanban 13%JiraReporting — in 6% of projects Often together with: Risk Management 21%, Excel 13%ReportingRisk Management — in 5.5% of projects Often together with: Reporting 23%, Change Management 17%, Governance 15%, Compliance 12%, Budget Planning 12%Change Management — in 4.9% of projects Often together with: Incident Management 21%, Risk Management 19%, ITIL 15%, Problem Management 11%, Release Management 10%Requirements Engineering — in 4.9% of projects Often together with: Agile Methods 22%, Business Analysis 19%, Scrum 18%, Confluence 14%, User Stories 13%Technical Documentation — in 5.1% of projects Often together with: Electrical Engineering 11%Electrical Engineering — in 4.6% of projects Often together with: Commissioning 21%, Construction Management 20%, Technical Documentation 12%, Mechanical Engineering 11%Construction Management — in 4.5% of projects Often together with: Civil Engineering 32%, Construction Coordination 14%, Subcontractor Coordination 13%, Schedule Monitoring 11%, VOB 10%Interface Management — in 4.3% of projects Often together with: Construction Management 11%Quality Management — in 3.7% of projects Often together with: Construction Management 22%, Risk Management 17%, Cost Control 16%, Civil Engineering 14%, Defect Management 10%Civil Engineering — in 3.4% of projects Often together with: Construction Management 43%, Infrastructure Projects 15%, Cost Control 15%, Nachtragsmanagement 12%, VOB 12%Linux — in 4.7% of projects Often together with: Ansible 26%, Bash 18%, Windows 17%, Windows Server 13%, System Administration 11%LinuxMonitoring — in 4.6% of projects Often together with: Grafana 20%, Logging 19%, Infrastructure as Code 16%, Observability 14%, Prometheus 12%Automation — in 4.5% of projects Often together with: Monitoring 17%, Linux 15%, Infrastructure as Code 12%, Ansible 11%, Scripting 10%Troubleshooting — in 4% of projects Often together with: Commissioning 13%, IT Support 13%, Networking 11%, Incident Management 11%, Problem Analysis 11%Problem Analysis — in 3.6% of projects Often together with: Troubleshooting 12%, Testing 12%ITIL — in 3.3% of projects Often together with: IT Service Management 25%, Incident Management 22%, ServiceNow 15%, Problem Management 11%, Release Management 10%ITILIntegration — in 4.2% of projects Often together with: REST APIs 17%, Customizing 13%Migration — in 4.1% of projects Often together with: Transformation Projects 11%MigrationCustomizing — in 3.5% of projects Often together with: SAP MM 19%, ABAP 18%, SAP FI 17%, SAP SD 16%, SAP CO 11%Energy Industry — in 2.8% of projects Often together with: SAP IS-U 21%, Market Communication 12%ABAP — in 2.6% of projects Often together with: SAP Fiori 24%, OData 19%, SAPUI5 15%, CDS Views 14%, IDoc 14%SAP FI — in 2.6% of projects Often together with: SAP CO 53%, SAP MM 30%, SAP SD 24%, Financial Accounting 17%, SAP ECC 14%Scrum — in 8.1% of projects Often together with: Agile Methods 44%, Jira 37%, SAFe 36%, Kanban 33%, Confluence 26%ScrumJava — in 6.6% of projects Often together with: Spring Boot 48%, Microservices 25%, Kafka 19%, Maven 17%, JUnit 14%JavaConfluence — in 5.9% of projects Often together with: Jira 91%, Scrum 36%, Agile Methods 33%, SAFe 18%, Kanban 14%ConfluenceGit — in 5.1% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 49%, Docker 32%, Jenkins 17%, Maven 17%, HTML 13%GitSpring Boot — in 3.7% of projects Often together with: Java 88%, Microservices 37%, Kafka 27%, Maven 21%, Mockito 10%JavaScript — in 2.9% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 46%, HTML 37%, CSS 35%, Angular 25%, Vue.js 12%Python — in 6.9% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 35%, SQL 22%, Terraform 13%, Bash 12%, LLM 11%PythonSQL — in 4.8% of projects Often together with: Data Modeling 25%, ETL 16%, Data Engineering 13%, Databricks 12%, Relational Databases 10%SQLAzure — in 4% of projects Often together with: AWS 26%, Terraform 22%, Azure DevOps 18%, Databricks 17%, GCP 14%AzureData Modeling — in 3.6% of projects Often together with: SQL 33%, ETL 21%, Data Engineering 14%, Data Governance 11%, Data Warehouse 10%AI — in 2.8% of projects Often together with: LLM 13%, Generative AI 13%, Automation 13%, Machine Learning 10%AIData Migration — in 2.7% of projects Often together with: Data Modeling 19%, Master Data Management 13%, ETL 13%, Data Quality 11%, Cutover 10%CI/CD — in 9.2% of projects Often together with: Kubernetes 38%, Docker 30%, Git 27%, DevOps 25%, Infrastructure as Code 16%CI/CDKubernetes — in 7.1% of projects Often together with: Docker 43%, Grafana 23%, Helm 22%, Prometheus 16%, ArgoCD 15%KubernetesDocker — in 4.8% of projects Often together with: Kubernetes 63%, CI/CD 57%, Spring Boot 32%, Microservices 26%, PostgreSQL 25%DockerAWS — in 4.1% of projects Often together with: Docker 31%, Terraform 21%, Grafana 19%, GCP 16%, AWS CDK 10%AWSDevOps — in 4% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 56%, Kubernetes 39%, Microservices 18%, Infrastructure as Code 16%, Containerization 12%DevOpsGitLab — in 2.7% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 54%, Kubernetes 37%, Docker 28%, Spring Boot 26%, Maven 11%GitLabREST APIs — in 7.3% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 27%, Spring Boot 24%, SOAP 15%, JSON 15%, OpenAPI 11%REST APIsTypeScript — in 4.3% of projects Often together with: Angular 34%, JavaScript 32%, React 31%, CSS 21%, Node.js 19%Software Architecture — in 4% of projects Often together with: Java 22%, Microservices 14%, Software Development 13%, Code Reviews 11%, Backend Development 10%PostgreSQL — in 2.9% of projects Often together with: Docker 41%, Spring Boot 38%, Microservices 27%, Angular 24%, Oracle 15%Microservices — in 2.9% of projects Often together with: Java 57%, Kubernetes 53%, Spring Boot 47%, Docker 43%, Domain-Driven Design 13%Code Reviews — in 2.3% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 33%, Unit Testing 18%, Clean Code 13%, Pair Programming 12%, Refactoring 11%Compliance — in 3.6% of projects Often together with: Governance 21%, Security 17%, IT Security 17%, Data Protection 15%, Auditing 14%IT Security — in 3.5% of projects Often together with: Data Protection 20%, BSI IT-Grundschutz 18%, Compliance 17%, ISO 27001 15%, IAM 11%Security — in 3.1% of projects Often together with: Compliance 21%, Networking 13%, IAM 11%, Data Protection 10%, Infrastructure as Code 10%SecurityPublic Sector — in 3% of projects Often together with: Confluence 14%, ITIL 11%, IT Security 10%, SAP HCM 10%Banking — in 2.5% of projects Often together with: Financial Services 19%, Regulatory Requirements 12%Regulatory Requirements — in 2.4% of projects Often together with: Compliance 16%, Risk Management 16%, Banking 13%, Energy Industry 10%Test Automation — in 5% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 47%, Playwright 19%, ISTQB 15%, Test Case Design 13%, Selenium 10%Testing — in 4.7% of projects Often together with: Test Automation 12%TestingTest Management — in 3.2% of projects Often together with: Test Case Design 17%, Defect Management 17%, ISTQB 16%, End-to-End Testing 13%, Xray 12%Defect Management — in 1.8% of projects Often together with: Test Management 30%, Acceptance Testing 17%, Test Case Design 17%, End-to-End Testing 14%, Xray 11%Integration Testing — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: Unit Testing 44%, End-to-End Testing 22%, UAT 12%, Playwright 12%, System Testing 10%Test Case Design — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: ISTQB 25%, Test Execution 18%, Test Documentation 17%, Test Data Management 16%, Manual Testing 15%System Integration — in 2.7% of projects Often together with: Requirements Engineering 12%, Interface Management 12%, Integration 12%Automotive — in 1.7% of projects Often together with: Mechanical Engineering 13%Debugging — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: ABAP 21%, Customizing 15%, Code Reviews 14%, C++ 12%, Performance Optimization 10%Root Cause Analysis — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: Troubleshooting 25%, Incident Management 16%C++ — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: Python 39%, C 32%, Embedded Software Development 23%, Embedded Linux 15%, Debugging 13%Telecommunications — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: Electrical Engineering 24%, Networking 14%Excel — in 3.5% of projects Often together with: PowerPoint 25%, Controlling 12%, Financial Accounting 11%, Forecasting 11%, Power BI 11%ExcelERP Systems — in 2.2% of projects Often together with: Excel 14%, Financial Accounting 13%, Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central 11%Financial Accounting — in 2.1% of projects Often together with: HGB 40%, Accounting 24%, IFRS 22%, Accounts Payable 22%, Month-End Closing 16%Finance — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: Controlling 25%, Financial Accounting 22%, SAP FI 16%, Accounting 15%, HGB 13%Controlling — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: Finance 30%, Budget Planning 21%, Forecasting 21%, Financial Accounting 21%, HGB 12%Business Administration — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: Excel 23%, Business Informatics 16%, Controlling 13%, Contract Management 12%, Industrial Engineering 10%SAP HCM — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: Payroll 42%, SAP SuccessFactors 20%, Public Sector 19%, ABAP 18%, SAP Fiori 12%Sales — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: B2B Sales 28%, Cold Calling 16%, CRM 14%Payroll — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: SAP HCM 57%, Social Security Law 18%, HR Administration 16%, SAP SuccessFactors 12%, Labor Law 11%CRM — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: Sales 18%, B2B Sales 17%, ERP Systems 15%, Salesforce 15%, Cold Calling 11%Workflow Management — in 0.9% of projects Often together with: Integration 14%, Authorization Concepts 14%, Automation 14%, Data Modeling 12%B2B Sales — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: Sales 47%, Cold Calling 33%, CRM 22%, SaaS 14%, Business Development 10%Insurance Industry — in 1% of projects Often together with: Banking 17%, Financial Services 16%, Business Analysis 15%DB2 — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: SQL 45%, Mainframe 25%, Maven 15%, Relational Databases 13%, Legacy Systems 11%Versicherungsumfeld — in 0.4% of projects Often together with: Business Analysis 16%, Insurance Industry 12%Legacy Modernization — in 0.4% of projects Often together with: Java 30%, Migration 23%, Software Architecture 18%, SAFe 16%, Public Sector 10%Mainframe — in 0.3% of projects Often together with: DB2 36%, Batch Processing 15%, Insurance Industry 13%, Banking 12%, Legacy Systems 11%Agile & business analysisEngineering & constructionIT operations & infrastructureSAPWeb & frontendData & AICloud & DevOpsMicrosoft & .NETIT security & complianceTesting & QAEmbedded & systemsFinance & accountingSAP HCM · Sales · PayrollInsurance Industry · DB2 · Versicherungsumfeld

What goes with what

The 14 clusters in detail

For each cluster we list its ten most frequent skills. The grey number is the share of all projects that mention the skill. After the arrow are the skills most typical for it, with the share of its projects that ask for them too. Example: "React → TypeScript 59%" means 59% of React projects also require TypeScript.

Agile & business analysis 90 skills

Skills in the Agile & business analysis cluster, area by share of projectsAgile Methods — in 9.1% of projects Often together with: Scrum 39%, Jira 29%, Confluence 21%, SAFe 19%, Kanban 14%AgileMethodsJira — in 8.5% of projects Often together with: Confluence 63%, Scrum 35%, Agile Methods 31%, SAFe 16%, Kanban 13%JiraReporting — in 6% of projects Often together with: Risk Management 21%, Excel 13%ReportingRisk Management — in 5.5% of projects Often together with: Reporting 23%, Change Management 17%, Governance 15%, Compliance 12%, Budget Planning 12%RiskManagementChange Management — in 4.9% of projects Often together with: Incident Management 21%, Risk Management 19%, ITIL 15%, Problem Management 11%, Release Management 10%ChangeManagementRequirements Engineering — in 4.9% of projects Often together with: Agile Methods 22%, Business Analysis 19%, Scrum 18%, Confluence 14%, User Stories 13%RequirementsEngineeringSAFe — in 4% of projects Often together with: Scrum 73%, Agile Methods 44%, Jira 34%, Confluence 27%, Kanban 16%SAFeSoftware Development — in 3.5% of projects Often together with: Agile Methods 24%, Scrum 21%, Software Architecture 15%, SAFe 11%, DevOps 10%Governance — in 3.2% of projects Often together with: Risk Management 25%, Compliance 24%, Change Management 17%, Security 11%, Data Protection 11%GovernanceRequirements Management — in 2.7% of projects Often together with: Confluence 19%, Requirements Engineering 17%, Business Analysis 17%, Test Management 11%, User Stories 11%Business Analysis — in 2.4% of projects Often together with: Requirements Engineering 40%, User Stories 20%, Requirements Management 20%, Process Modeling 11%, BPMN 10%BusinessAnalysisSolution Architecture — in 2.2% of projects Often together with: Integration 15%, Enterprise Architecture 14%, Software Architecture 14%, Cloud Architecture 11%, Azure 11%Project Coordination — in 2% of projects Often together with: Risk Management 20%, Reporting 18%, Construction Management 17%, Quality Management 15%, Cost Control 13%Budget Planning — in 2% of projects Often together with: Risk Management 32%, Reporting 29%, Forecasting 26%, Controlling 17%, Cost Control 13%Release Management — in 1.8% of projects Often together with: Change Management 28%, Incident Management 21%, ITIL 19%, Deployment 17%, Problem Management 11%Solution Design — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: Requirements Engineering 23%, Integration 15%, Customizing 14%, Implementation 13%Requirements Analysis — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: Requirements Engineering 15%, Testing 12%, Data Modeling 10%Process Management — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: Change Management 14%, Governance 13%Digitalization — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: Change Management 19%, Automation 15%, AI 13%, Requirements Management 11%User Stories — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: Requirements Engineering 46%, Business Analysis 35%, Backlog Management 29%, Product Owner 15%, Process Modeling 13%
  1. Agile Methods 9.1% → Scrum 39% · Jira 29% · Confluence 21% · SAFe 19% · Kanban 14%
  2. Jira 8.5% → Confluence 63% · Scrum 35% · Agile Methods 31% · SAFe 16% · Kanban 13%
  3. Reporting 6% → Risk Management 21% · Excel 13%
  4. Risk Management 5.5% → Reporting 23% · Change Management 17% · Governance 15% · Compliance 12% · Budget Planning 12%
  5. Change Management 4.9% → Incident Management 21% · Risk Management 19% · ITIL 15% · Problem Management 11% · Release Management 10%
  6. Requirements Engineering 4.9% → Agile Methods 22% · Business Analysis 19% · Scrum 18% · Confluence 14% · User Stories 13%
  7. SAFe 4% → Scrum 73% · Agile Methods 44% · Jira 34% · Confluence 27% · Kanban 16%
  8. Software Development 3.5% → Agile Methods 24% · Scrum 21% · Software Architecture 15% · SAFe 11% · DevOps 10%
  9. Governance 3.2% → Risk Management 25% · Compliance 24% · Change Management 17% · Security 11% · Data Protection 11%
  10. Requirements Management 2.7% → Confluence 19% · Requirements Engineering 17% · Business Analysis 17% · Test Management 11% · User Stories 11%

Engineering & construction 129 skills

Skills in the Engineering & construction cluster, area by share of projectsTechnical Documentation — in 5.1% of projects Often together with: Electrical Engineering 11%TechnicalDocumentationElectrical Engineering — in 4.6% of projects Often together with: Commissioning 21%, Construction Management 20%, Technical Documentation 12%, Mechanical Engineering 11%ElectricalEngineeringConstruction Management — in 4.5% of projects Often together with: Civil Engineering 32%, Construction Coordination 14%, Subcontractor Coordination 13%, Schedule Monitoring 11%, VOB 10%ConstructionManagementInterface Management — in 4.3% of projects Often together with: Construction Management 11%InterfaceManagementQuality Management — in 3.7% of projects Often together with: Construction Management 22%, Risk Management 17%, Cost Control 16%, Civil Engineering 14%, Defect Management 10%QualityManagementCivil Engineering — in 3.4% of projects Often together with: Construction Management 43%, Infrastructure Projects 15%, Cost Control 15%, Nachtragsmanagement 12%, VOB 12%CivilEngineeringCommissioning — in 3.1% of projects Often together with: Electrical Engineering 31%, PLC Programming 18%, Siemens TIA Portal 14%, Mechanical Engineering 12%, Plant Engineering 11%CommissioningSupplier Management — in 2.7% of projects Often together with: Procurement 17%, Risk Management 15%, Tendering 14%, Quality Management 12%, Contract Management 11%SupplierManagementMechanical Engineering — in 2.6% of projects Often together with: Plant Engineering 26%, Technical Drawings 13%, CAD 13%, Process Engineering 12%, Mechatronics 10%Occupational Safety — in 2.1% of projects Often together with: Construction Management 36%, HSE 24%, SiGeKo 15%, Construction Coordination 15%, Subcontractor Management 11%Plant Engineering — in 2.1% of projects Often together with: Mechanical Engineering 33%, Construction Management 17%, Commissioning 16%, Process Engineering 13%, Occupational Safety 11%Tendering — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: Supplier Management 20%, Vergaberecht 16%, Procurement 16%, HOAI 12%, Cost Estimation 11%TenderingCost Control — in 1.8% of projects Often together with: Construction Management 38%, Quality Management 31%, Schedule Monitoring 25%, Schedule Management 22%, Nachtragsmanagement 19%CostControlContract Management — in 1.8% of projects Often together with: Claim Management 23%, Nachtragsmanagement 19%, Supplier Management 16%, Procurement 13%, Cost Control 12%Railway Engineering — in 1.7% of projects Often together with: Civil Engineering 14%, Electrical Engineering 14%, SAFe 14%, Infrastructure Projects 12%, Railway Operations 11%Technical Drawings — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: CAD 23%, Mechanical Engineering 22%, 3D Modeling 19%, Bills of Materials 17%, AutoCAD 14%Manufacturing — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: Mechanical Engineering 15%, MES 11%, Supplier Management 10%, Production Planning 10%, Automotive 10%Acceptance Testing — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: Defect Management 22%, Cost Control 18%, User Stories 16%, Schedule Monitoring 15%, Nachtragsmanagement 12%CAD — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: Technical Drawings 26%, 3D Modeling 22%, SolidWorks 15%, Mechanical Design 13%, PLM 12%CADConstruction Supervision — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: Construction Coordination 22%, Schedule Monitoring 19%, Subcontractor Management 16%, Subcontractor Coordination 16%, Construction Documentation 14%
  1. Technical Documentation 5.1% → Electrical Engineering 11%
  2. Electrical Engineering 4.6% → Commissioning 21% · Construction Management 20% · Technical Documentation 12% · Mechanical Engineering 11%
  3. Construction Management 4.5% → Civil Engineering 32% · Construction Coordination 14% · Subcontractor Coordination 13% · Schedule Monitoring 11% · VOB 10%
  4. Interface Management 4.3% → Construction Management 11%
  5. Quality Management 3.7% → Construction Management 22% · Risk Management 17% · Cost Control 16% · Civil Engineering 14% · Defect Management 10%
  6. Civil Engineering 3.4% → Construction Management 43% · Infrastructure Projects 15% · Cost Control 15% · Nachtragsmanagement 12% · VOB 12%
  7. Commissioning 3.1% → Electrical Engineering 31% · PLC Programming 18% · Siemens TIA Portal 14% · Mechanical Engineering 12% · Plant Engineering 11%
  8. Supplier Management 2.7% → Procurement 17% · Risk Management 15% · Tendering 14% · Quality Management 12% · Contract Management 11%
  9. Mechanical Engineering 2.6% → Plant Engineering 26% · Technical Drawings 13% · CAD 13% · Process Engineering 12% · Mechatronics 10%
  10. Occupational Safety 2.1% → Construction Management 36% · HSE 24% · SiGeKo 15% · Construction Coordination 15% · Subcontractor Management 11%

IT operations & infrastructure 109 skills

Skills in the IT operations & infrastructure cluster, area by share of projectsLinux — in 4.7% of projects Often together with: Ansible 26%, Bash 18%, Windows 17%, Windows Server 13%, System Administration 11%LinuxMonitoring — in 4.6% of projects Often together with: Grafana 20%, Logging 19%, Infrastructure as Code 16%, Observability 14%, Prometheus 12%MonitoringAutomation — in 4.5% of projects Often together with: Monitoring 17%, Linux 15%, Infrastructure as Code 12%, Ansible 11%, Scripting 10%AutomationTroubleshooting — in 4% of projects Often together with: Commissioning 13%, IT Support 13%, Networking 11%, Incident Management 11%, Problem Analysis 11%Problem Analysis — in 3.6% of projects Often together with: Troubleshooting 12%, Testing 12%ProblemAnalysisITIL — in 3.3% of projects Often together with: IT Service Management 25%, Incident Management 22%, ServiceNow 15%, Problem Management 11%, Release Management 10%ITILNetworking — in 3.1% of projects Often together with: Firewalls 13%, Virtualization 12%, Storage 12%, Cisco 11%, Switching 10%NetworkingIncident Management — in 3% of projects Often together with: Change Management 34%, Problem Management 29%, ITIL 24%, 2nd Level Support 16%, IT Service Management 13%IncidentManagementIT Support — in 2.5% of projects Often together with: Active Directory 25%, Windows 20%, Client Rollout 17%, Windows 11 Migration 17%, Ticket System 15%ITSupportActive Directory — in 2.4% of projects Often together with: Windows 11 Migration 19%, Client Rollout 17%, SCCM 15%, Windows 11 15%, Group Policies 13%ActiveDirectoryMicrosoft 365 — in 2.4% of projects Often together with: SharePoint 24%, Microsoft Teams 20%, Entra ID 19%, Microsoft Intune 18%, Exchange Online 14%Microsoft365IT Infrastructure — in 2.2% of projects Often together with: Networking 20%, IT Security 14%, Risk Management 13%, Linux 12%, Security 10%Ansible — in 2.1% of projects Often together with: Linux 58%, Terraform 37%, Bash 21%, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 15%, Prometheus 14%AnsibleServiceNow — in 2% of projects Often together with: ITIL 25%, IT Service Management 21%, CMDB 20%, Windows 11 12%, SCCM 11%ServiceNowDeployment — in 2% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 32%, Monitoring 21%, Automation 21%, Release Management 16%, Infrastructure as Code 10%DeploymentIT Service Management — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: ITIL 43%, ServiceNow 22%, Incident Management 21%, Problem Management 12%, CMDB 10%Windows — in 1.8% of projects Often together with: Linux 42%, IT Support 28%, 2nd Level Support 15%, PowerShell 12%, Ticket System 12%WindowsSharePoint — in 1.8% of projects Often together with: Microsoft 365 32%, Microsoft Teams 27%, Exchange Online 12%, MS Project 11%, Entra ID 10%2nd Level Support — in 1.7% of projects Often together with: 3rd Level Support 36%, 1st Level Support 23%, Windows 11 19%, Windows 10 15%, SCCM 14%Rollout Management — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: Windows 11 13%, SCCM 12%, 1st Level Support 12%, VPN 11%, Windows 10 11%
  1. Linux 4.7% → Ansible 26% · Bash 18% · Windows 17% · Windows Server 13% · System Administration 11%
  2. Monitoring 4.6% → Grafana 20% · Logging 19% · Infrastructure as Code 16% · Observability 14% · Prometheus 12%
  3. Automation 4.5% → Monitoring 17% · Linux 15% · Infrastructure as Code 12% · Ansible 11% · Scripting 10%
  4. Troubleshooting 4% → Commissioning 13% · IT Support 13% · Networking 11% · Incident Management 11% · Problem Analysis 11%
  5. Problem Analysis 3.6% → Troubleshooting 12% · Testing 12%
  6. ITIL 3.3% → IT Service Management 25% · Incident Management 22% · ServiceNow 15% · Problem Management 11% · Release Management 10%
  7. Networking 3.1% → Firewalls 13% · Virtualization 12% · Storage 12% · Cisco 11% · Switching 10%
  8. Incident Management 3% → Change Management 34% · Problem Management 29% · ITIL 24% · 2nd Level Support 16% · IT Service Management 13%
  9. IT Support 2.5% → Active Directory 25% · Windows 20% · Client Rollout 17% · Windows 11 Migration 17% · Ticket System 15%
  10. Active Directory 2.4% → Windows 11 Migration 19% · Client Rollout 17% · SCCM 15% · Windows 11 15% · Group Policies 13%

SAP 90 skills

Skills in the SAP cluster, area by share of projectsIntegration — in 4.2% of projects Often together with: REST APIs 17%, Customizing 13%IntegrationMigration — in 4.1% of projects Often together with: Transformation Projects 11%MigrationCustomizing — in 3.5% of projects Often together with: SAP MM 19%, ABAP 18%, SAP FI 17%, SAP SD 16%, SAP CO 11%CustomizingEnergy Industry — in 2.8% of projects Often together with: SAP IS-U 21%, Market Communication 12%EnergyIndustryABAP — in 2.6% of projects Often together with: SAP Fiori 24%, OData 19%, SAPUI5 15%, CDS Views 14%, IDoc 14%ABAPSAP FI — in 2.6% of projects Often together with: SAP CO 53%, SAP MM 30%, SAP SD 24%, Financial Accounting 17%, SAP ECC 14%SAP FIWorkshops — in 2.3% of projects Often together with: Requirements Engineering 16%, Customizing 12%WorkshopsSAP MM — in 2.2% of projects Often together with: SAP SD 46%, SAP PP 29%, SAP EWM 20%, SAP QM 11%, SAP WM 10%SAP MMTransformation Projects — in 2.2% of projects Often together with: Migration 20%, Risk Management 17%, Change Management 13%, Governance 13%Master Data Management — in 2% of projects Often together with: Data Migration 17%, SAP IS-U 15%, Data Modeling 12%, Data Governance 11%, Customizing 11%Logistics — in 2% of projects Often together with: Supply Chain Management 18%, SAP EWM 15%, Warehouse Logistics 13%, SAP MM 13%, ERP Systems 10%LogisticsImplementation — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: Customizing 13%, Integration 13%, Solution Design 10%Procurement — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: Supplier Management 23%, SAP MM 17%, Tendering 16%, Contract Management 12%, Supply Chain Management 11%SAP BTP — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: SAP Integration Suite 28%, SAP Fiori 27%, OData 21%, SAPUI5 18%, Clean Core 12%SAP BTPSAP ECC — in 1.8% of projects Often together with: SAP FI 20%, ABAP 17%, SAP MM 15%, SAP CO 14%, SAP SD 12%SAP ECCSAP SD — in 1.7% of projects Often together with: SAP MM 62%, SAP FI 37%, SAP PP 20%, Order-to-Cash 16%, SAP CS 11%SAP SDSAP CO — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: SAP FI 85%, SAP MM 33%, SAP SD 27%, Controlling 15%, SAP PS 14%SAP COSAP Fiori — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: ABAP 39%, SAP BTP 32%, SAPUI5 29%, OData 27%, CDS Views 18%SAP FioriSAP IS-U — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: SAP S/4HANA Utilities 35%, Market Communication 31%, Metering Operation 13%, SAP FI-CA 12%, Device Management 12%SAP IS-UMaintenance — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: Troubleshooting 16%, SAP PM 15%, Electrical Engineering 14%
  1. Integration 4.2% → REST APIs 17% · Customizing 13%
  2. Migration 4.1% → Transformation Projects 11%
  3. Customizing 3.5% → SAP MM 19% · ABAP 18% · SAP FI 17% · SAP SD 16% · SAP CO 11%
  4. Energy Industry 2.8% → SAP IS-U 21% · Market Communication 12%
  5. ABAP 2.6% → SAP Fiori 24% · OData 19% · SAPUI5 15% · CDS Views 14% · IDoc 14%
  6. SAP FI 2.6% → SAP CO 53% · SAP MM 30% · SAP SD 24% · Financial Accounting 17% · SAP ECC 14%
  7. Workshops 2.3% → Requirements Engineering 16% · Customizing 12%
  8. SAP MM 2.2% → SAP SD 46% · SAP PP 29% · SAP EWM 20% · SAP QM 11% · SAP WM 10%
  9. Transformation Projects 2.2% → Migration 20% · Risk Management 17% · Change Management 13% · Governance 13%
  10. Master Data Management 2% → Data Migration 17% · SAP IS-U 15% · Data Modeling 12% · Data Governance 11% · Customizing 11%

Web & frontend 61 skills

Skills in the Web & frontend cluster, area by share of projectsScrum — in 8.1% of projects Often together with: Agile Methods 44%, Jira 37%, SAFe 36%, Kanban 33%, Confluence 26%ScrumJava — in 6.6% of projects Often together with: Spring Boot 48%, Microservices 25%, Kafka 19%, Maven 17%, JUnit 14%JavaConfluence — in 5.9% of projects Often together with: Jira 91%, Scrum 36%, Agile Methods 33%, SAFe 18%, Kanban 14%ConfluenceGit — in 5.1% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 49%, Docker 32%, Jenkins 17%, Maven 17%, HTML 13%GitSpring Boot — in 3.7% of projects Often together with: Java 88%, Microservices 37%, Kafka 27%, Maven 21%, Mockito 10%SpringBootJavaScript — in 2.9% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 46%, HTML 37%, CSS 35%, Angular 25%, Vue.js 12%JavaScriptKanban — in 2.8% of projects Often together with: Scrum 93%, Agile Methods 44%, Jira 40%, SAFe 23%, Clean Code 11%KanbanAngular — in 2.6% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 56%, Spring Boot 40%, HTML 21%, CSS 21%, Hibernate 14%AngularKafka — in 2% of projects Often together with: Kubernetes 62%, Java 61%, Spring Boot 48%, JPA 12%, Hibernate 11%KafkaJenkins — in 2% of projects Often together with: Maven 31%, SonarQube 14%, Bitbucket 13%, Eclipse 12%, Nexus 11%JenkinsUnit Testing — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: Integration Testing 45%, Code Reviews 25%, Maven 18%, Hibernate 11%, JPA 11%HTML — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: CSS 84%, JavaScript 71%, Accessibility 23%, npm 13%, Bitbucket 13%HTMLCSS — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: HTML 86%, JavaScript 67%, TypeScript 59%, Accessibility 25%, npm 13%CSSJSON — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: REST APIs 76%, XML 54%, OAuth2 21%, Mockito 14%, JWT 12%JSONXML — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: JSON 55%, SOAP 28%, JPA 16%, Hibernate 13%, Eclipse 11%XMLSQL Server — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: C# 27%, .NET 26%, Oracle 20%, ASP.NET Core 11%, MySQL 11%Oracle — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: SQL Server 21%, Java EE 16%, MySQL 14%, Hibernate 13%, PL/SQL 12%OracleMaven — in 1.3% of projects Often together with: Jenkins 45%, JUnit 35%, Java EE 31%, IntelliJ IDEA 24%, SonarQube 23%MavenSOAP — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: REST APIs 90%, XML 33%, JPA 16%, Eclipse 13%, JWT 12%SOAPJUnit — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: Maven 40%, Mockito 35%, Java EE 23%, JPA 22%, Hibernate 20%
  1. Scrum 8.1% → Agile Methods 44% · Jira 37% · SAFe 36% · Kanban 33% · Confluence 26%
  2. Java 6.6% → Spring Boot 48% · Microservices 25% · Kafka 19% · Maven 17% · JUnit 14%
  3. Confluence 5.9% → Jira 91% · Scrum 36% · Agile Methods 33% · SAFe 18% · Kanban 14%
  4. Git 5.1% → CI/CD 49% · Docker 32% · Jenkins 17% · Maven 17% · HTML 13%
  5. Spring Boot 3.7% → Java 88% · Microservices 37% · Kafka 27% · Maven 21% · Mockito 10%
  6. JavaScript 2.9% → TypeScript 46% · HTML 37% · CSS 35% · Angular 25% · Vue.js 12%
  7. Kanban 2.8% → Scrum 93% · Agile Methods 44% · Jira 40% · SAFe 23% · Clean Code 11%
  8. Angular 2.6% → TypeScript 56% · Spring Boot 40% · HTML 21% · CSS 21% · Hibernate 14%
  9. Kafka 2% → Kubernetes 62% · Java 61% · Spring Boot 48% · JPA 12% · Hibernate 11%
  10. Jenkins 2% → Maven 31% · SonarQube 14% · Bitbucket 13% · Eclipse 12% · Nexus 11%

Data & AI 80 skills

Skills in the Data & AI cluster, area by share of projectsPython — in 6.9% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 35%, SQL 22%, Terraform 13%, Bash 12%, LLM 11%PythonSQL — in 4.8% of projects Often together with: Data Modeling 25%, ETL 16%, Data Engineering 13%, Databricks 12%, Relational Databases 10%SQLAzure — in 4% of projects Often together with: AWS 26%, Terraform 22%, Azure DevOps 18%, Databricks 17%, GCP 14%AzureData Modeling — in 3.6% of projects Often together with: SQL 33%, ETL 21%, Data Engineering 14%, Data Governance 11%, Data Warehouse 10%DataModelingAI — in 2.8% of projects Often together with: LLM 13%, Generative AI 13%, Automation 13%, Machine Learning 10%AIData Migration — in 2.7% of projects Often together with: Data Modeling 19%, Master Data Management 13%, ETL 13%, Data Quality 11%, Cutover 10%DataMigrationData Analytics — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: Reporting 21%, Power BI 20%, SQL 19%, Data Modeling 19%, AI 13%DataAnalyticsAzure DevOps — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: Azure 37%, C# 22%, .NET 21%, Terraform 20%, GitHub Actions 11%AzureDevOpsPower BI — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: Data Modeling 33%, Microsoft Fabric 21%, Data Analytics 21%, Power Apps 11%, Power Automate 11%Power BIPerformance Optimization — in 1.8% of projects Often together with: REST APIs 22%, SQL 19%, Data Modeling 18%, Monitoring 16%, Code Reviews 11%Generative AI — in 1.7% of projects Often together with: LLM 35%, Prompt Engineering 19%, Retrieval-Augmented Generation 17%, AI Governance 13%, Agentic AI 13%LLM — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: Generative AI 38%, Retrieval-Augmented Generation 33%, Prompt Engineering 23%, MLOps 15%, LangChain 13%LLMETL — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: Data Engineering 31%, Data Warehouse 23%, PySpark 17%, ELT 15%, Data Lakehouse Architecture 13%ETLData Engineering — in 1.3% of projects Often together with: ETL 34%, Databricks 30%, Apache Spark 16%, PySpark 14%, Data Lakehouse Architecture 11%Databricks — in 1.3% of projects Often together with: Data Engineering 30%, PySpark 24%, Apache Spark 22%, Data Lakehouse Architecture 19%, Azure Data Factory 11%Data Analysis — in 1.3% of projects Often together with: Reporting 22%, Excel 16%, SQL 15%, Data Modeling 13%, Power BI 11%Databases — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: SQL 27%, REST APIs 24%, Linux 15%, Monitoring 15%, Data Modeling 14%Data Quality — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: Data Modeling 32%, Data Migration 26%, ETL 20%, Data Governance 19%, Data Engineering 13%API Integration — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: Integration 16%, Monitoring 16%, LLM 15%, Retrieval-Augmented Generation 11%, Data Protection 11%Machine Learning — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: LLM 27%, Generative AI 27%, MLOps 25%, Data Engineering 23%, Data Science 17%
  1. Python 6.9% → CI/CD 35% · SQL 22% · Terraform 13% · Bash 12% · LLM 11%
  2. SQL 4.8% → Data Modeling 25% · ETL 16% · Data Engineering 13% · Databricks 12% · Relational Databases 10%
  3. Azure 4% → AWS 26% · Terraform 22% · Azure DevOps 18% · Databricks 17% · GCP 14%
  4. Data Modeling 3.6% → SQL 33% · ETL 21% · Data Engineering 14% · Data Governance 11% · Data Warehouse 10%
  5. AI 2.8% → LLM 13% · Generative AI 13% · Automation 13% · Machine Learning 10%
  6. Data Migration 2.7% → Data Modeling 19% · Master Data Management 13% · ETL 13% · Data Quality 11% · Cutover 10%
  7. Data Analytics 1.9% → Reporting 21% · Power BI 20% · SQL 19% · Data Modeling 19% · AI 13%
  8. Azure DevOps 1.9% → Azure 37% · C# 22% · .NET 21% · Terraform 20% · GitHub Actions 11%
  9. Power BI 1.9% → Data Modeling 33% · Microsoft Fabric 21% · Data Analytics 21% · Power Apps 11% · Power Automate 11%
  10. Performance Optimization 1.8% → REST APIs 22% · SQL 19% · Data Modeling 18% · Monitoring 16% · Code Reviews 11%

Cloud & DevOps 50 skills

Skills in the Cloud & DevOps cluster, area by share of projectsCI/CD — in 9.2% of projects Often together with: Kubernetes 38%, Docker 30%, Git 27%, DevOps 25%, Infrastructure as Code 16%CI/CDKubernetes — in 7.1% of projects Often together with: Docker 43%, Grafana 23%, Helm 22%, Prometheus 16%, ArgoCD 15%KubernetesDocker — in 4.8% of projects Often together with: Kubernetes 63%, CI/CD 57%, Spring Boot 32%, Microservices 26%, PostgreSQL 25%DockerAWS — in 4.1% of projects Often together with: Docker 31%, Terraform 21%, Grafana 19%, GCP 16%, AWS CDK 10%AWSDevOps — in 4% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 56%, Kubernetes 39%, Microservices 18%, Infrastructure as Code 16%, Containerization 12%DevOpsGitLab — in 2.7% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 54%, Kubernetes 37%, Docker 28%, Spring Boot 26%, Maven 11%GitLabTerraform — in 2.6% of projects Often together with: Infrastructure as Code 42%, Ansible 30%, ArgoCD 23%, GitOps 21%, Prometheus 20%TerraformGitLab CI/CD — in 2.5% of projects Often together with: Kubernetes 60%, Docker 40%, Spring Boot 39%, Grafana 26%, Helm 21%GitLabCI/CDCloud Computing — in 2.5% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 34%, Kubernetes 28%, AWS 21%, DevOps 17%, Infrastructure as Code 10%CloudComputingInfrastructure as Code — in 2.3% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 65%, Terraform 46%, GitOps 22%, Observability 19%, Prometheus 17%Grafana — in 2.2% of projects Often together with: Kubernetes 73%, Prometheus 58%, ArgoCD 23%, Loki 16%, OpenTelemetry 11%GrafanaOpenShift — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: Kubernetes 70%, Spring Boot 34%, Helm 26%, ArgoCD 24%, GitOps 17%OpenShiftContainerization — in 1.7% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 51%, Kubernetes 49%, DevOps 29%, OpenShift 19%, Infrastructure as Code 18%Helm — in 1.7% of projects Often together with: Kubernetes 93%, ArgoCD 37%, Grafana 32%, OpenShift 29%, GitOps 29%HelmCloud Architecture — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: AWS 27%, Solution Architecture 17%, Cloud-native 15%, GCP 10%, Hybrid Cloud 10%Prometheus — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: Grafana 93%, ArgoCD 30%, Loki 20%, OpenTelemetry 15%, Elastic Stack 15%GCP — in 1.3% of projects Often together with: AWS 49%, Azure 44%, Terraform 26%, Machine Learning 14%, Data Engineering 13%GCPObservability — in 1.3% of projects Often together with: Monitoring 50%, Grafana 39%, Infrastructure as Code 36%, Prometheus 31%, OpenTelemetry 13%ArgoCD — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: GitOps 52%, Helm 51%, Prometheus 33%, HashiCorp Vault 17%, Loki 15%Logging — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: Monitoring 71%, Terraform 23%, Infrastructure as Code 20%, Observability 16%, Alerting 15%
  1. CI/CD 9.2% → Kubernetes 38% · Docker 30% · Git 27% · DevOps 25% · Infrastructure as Code 16%
  2. Kubernetes 7.1% → Docker 43% · Grafana 23% · Helm 22% · Prometheus 16% · ArgoCD 15%
  3. Docker 4.8% → Kubernetes 63% · CI/CD 57% · Spring Boot 32% · Microservices 26% · PostgreSQL 25%
  4. AWS 4.1% → Docker 31% · Terraform 21% · Grafana 19% · GCP 16% · AWS CDK 10%
  5. DevOps 4% → CI/CD 56% · Kubernetes 39% · Microservices 18% · Infrastructure as Code 16% · Containerization 12%
  6. GitLab 2.7% → CI/CD 54% · Kubernetes 37% · Docker 28% · Spring Boot 26% · Maven 11%
  7. Terraform 2.6% → Infrastructure as Code 42% · Ansible 30% · ArgoCD 23% · GitOps 21% · Prometheus 20%
  8. GitLab CI/CD 2.5% → Kubernetes 60% · Docker 40% · Spring Boot 39% · Grafana 26% · Helm 21%
  9. Cloud Computing 2.5% → CI/CD 34% · Kubernetes 28% · AWS 21% · DevOps 17% · Infrastructure as Code 10%
  10. Infrastructure as Code 2.3% → CI/CD 65% · Terraform 46% · GitOps 22% · Observability 19% · Prometheus 17%

Microsoft & .NET 56 skills

Skills in the Microsoft & .NET cluster, area by share of projectsREST APIs — in 7.3% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 27%, Spring Boot 24%, SOAP 15%, JSON 15%, OpenAPI 11%REST APIsTypeScript — in 4.3% of projects Often together with: Angular 34%, JavaScript 32%, React 31%, CSS 21%, Node.js 19%TypeScriptSoftware Architecture — in 4% of projects Often together with: Java 22%, Microservices 14%, Software Development 13%, Code Reviews 11%, Backend Development 10%SoftwareArchitecturePostgreSQL — in 2.9% of projects Often together with: Docker 41%, Spring Boot 38%, Microservices 27%, Angular 24%, Oracle 15%PostgreSQLMicroservices — in 2.9% of projects Often together with: Java 57%, Kubernetes 53%, Spring Boot 47%, Docker 43%, Domain-Driven Design 13%MicroservicesCode Reviews — in 2.3% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 33%, Unit Testing 18%, Clean Code 13%, Pair Programming 12%, Refactoring 11%CodeReviewsReact — in 2.2% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 59%, Node.js 17%, Vue.js 16%, Fullstack Development 15%, Next.js 10%ReactBackend Development — in 2.1% of projects Often together with: Frontend Development 29%, TypeScript 25%, Spring Boot 23%, Code Reviews 15%, React 15%C# — in 2.1% of projects Often together with: .NET 62%, Azure DevOps 20%, SQL Server 18%, ASP.NET Core 12%, C++ 11%C#.NET — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: C# 79%, Azure 26%, Azure DevOps 24%, SQL Server 22%, ASP.NET Core 15%.NETFrontend Development — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 41%, Backend Development 40%, Angular 28%, React 24%, CSS 19%AI-assisted Development — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: Spring Boot 28%, GitHub Copilot 18%, Claude Code 17%, React 16%, Node.js 10%Event-Driven Architecture — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: Microservices 37%, Kafka 31%, Domain-Driven Design 19%, Cloud-native 14%, Messaging 12%Kotlin — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: Java 55%, Spring Boot 51%, Android 20%, OpenAPI 15%, Gradle 14%KotlinFullstack Development — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 39%, React 30%, Angular 29%, Frontend Development 19%, Node.js 14%Node.js — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 72%, React 33%, Vue.js 24%, Jest 15%, NestJS 14%Node.jsAccessibility — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: CSS 36%, HTML 34%, WCAG 28%, Design Systems 20%, Responsive Design 13%OpenAPI — in 1% of projects Often together with: REST APIs 75%, JSON 26%, Swagger 25%, JPA 15%, Mockito 13%OpenAPIWeb Application Development — in 1% of projects Often together with: JavaScript 25%, Frontend Development 19%, CSS 14%, Playwright 13%, Fullstack Development 12%Vue.js — in 0.9% of projects Often together with: TypeScript 58%, React 40%, Node.js 30%, Jest 12%, NestJS 11%
  1. REST APIs 7.3% → TypeScript 27% · Spring Boot 24% · SOAP 15% · JSON 15% · OpenAPI 11%
  2. TypeScript 4.3% → Angular 34% · JavaScript 32% · React 31% · CSS 21% · Node.js 19%
  3. Software Architecture 4% → Java 22% · Microservices 14% · Software Development 13% · Code Reviews 11% · Backend Development 10%
  4. PostgreSQL 2.9% → Docker 41% · Spring Boot 38% · Microservices 27% · Angular 24% · Oracle 15%
  5. Microservices 2.9% → Java 57% · Kubernetes 53% · Spring Boot 47% · Docker 43% · Domain-Driven Design 13%
  6. Code Reviews 2.3% → TypeScript 33% · Unit Testing 18% · Clean Code 13% · Pair Programming 12% · Refactoring 11%
  7. React 2.2% → TypeScript 59% · Node.js 17% · Vue.js 16% · Fullstack Development 15% · Next.js 10%
  8. Backend Development 2.1% → Frontend Development 29% · TypeScript 25% · Spring Boot 23% · Code Reviews 15% · React 15%
  9. C# 2.1% → .NET 62% · Azure DevOps 20% · SQL Server 18% · ASP.NET Core 12% · C++ 11%
  10. .NET 1.6% → C# 79% · Azure 26% · Azure DevOps 24% · SQL Server 22% · ASP.NET Core 15%

IT security & compliance 45 skills

Skills in the IT security & compliance cluster, area by share of projectsCompliance — in 3.6% of projects Often together with: Governance 21%, Security 17%, IT Security 17%, Data Protection 15%, Auditing 14%ComplianceIT Security — in 3.5% of projects Often together with: Data Protection 20%, BSI IT-Grundschutz 18%, Compliance 17%, ISO 27001 15%, IAM 11%ITSecuritySecurity — in 3.1% of projects Often together with: Compliance 21%, Networking 13%, IAM 11%, Data Protection 10%, Infrastructure as Code 10%SecurityPublic Sector — in 3% of projects Often together with: Confluence 14%, ITIL 11%, IT Security 10%, SAP HCM 10%PublicSectorBanking — in 2.5% of projects Often together with: Financial Services 19%, Regulatory Requirements 12%BankingRegulatory Requirements — in 2.4% of projects Often together with: Compliance 16%, Risk Management 16%, Banking 13%, Energy Industry 10%RegulatoryRequirementsIAM — in 2.3% of projects Often together with: Authorization Concepts 18%, Active Directory 17%, Entra ID 17%, Cloud Security 12%, One Identity Manager 10%IAMAuthorization Concepts — in 2.1% of projects Often together with: IAM 19%, Data Modeling 13%, Authentication 12%, Governance 11%, Compliance 11%Auditing — in 2.1% of projects Often together with: Compliance 24%, Financial Accounting 14%, HGB 13%, Quality Management 13%, ISO 27001 11%AuditingData Protection — in 2% of projects Often together with: IT Security 35%, Compliance 27%, Governance 17%, GDPR 15%, LLM 11%DataProtectionRisk Analysis — in 1.7% of projects Often together with: IT Security 15%, BSI IT-Grundschutz 14%, Compliance 14%, Security Concepts 11%, Auditing 11%RiskAnalysisBSI IT-Grundschutz — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: IT Security 40%, ISO 27001 34%, Security Concepts 17%, NIS2 13%, ISMS 12%ISO 27001 — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: IT Security 46%, BSI IT-Grundschutz 45%, NIS2 29%, ISMS 23%, SOC 12%ISO 27001GDPR — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: Data Protection 25%, Compliance 22%, ISO 27001 20%, BSI IT-Grundschutz 15%, NIS2 10%GDPRCertifications — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: Compliance 12%, IT Security 10%Vulnerability Management — in 1% of projects Often together with: Penetration Testing 19%, Patch Management 18%, Security Hardening 15%, SIEM 12%, Threat Modeling 11%KRITIS — in 1% of projects Often together with: BSI IT-Grundschutz 24%, ISO 27001 23%, NIS2 20%, ISMS 11%, OT Security 11%KRITISFinancial Services — in 1% of projects Often together with: Banking 50%, Insurance Industry 16%, Regulatory Requirements 13%, Business Analysis 12%, DORA 10%Regulated Industries — in 0.9% of projects Often together with: Governance 17%, Public Sector 13%, Compliance 12%, Security 11%Security Concepts — in 0.9% of projects Often together with: IT Security 32%, BSI IT-Grundschutz 29%, Risk Analysis 21%, ISO 27001 15%, Vulnerability Management 10%
  1. Compliance 3.6% → Governance 21% · Security 17% · IT Security 17% · Data Protection 15% · Auditing 14%
  2. IT Security 3.5% → Data Protection 20% · BSI IT-Grundschutz 18% · Compliance 17% · ISO 27001 15% · IAM 11%
  3. Security 3.1% → Compliance 21% · Networking 13% · IAM 11% · Data Protection 10% · Infrastructure as Code 10%
  4. Public Sector 3% → Confluence 14% · ITIL 11% · IT Security 10% · SAP HCM 10%
  5. Banking 2.5% → Financial Services 19% · Regulatory Requirements 12%
  6. Regulatory Requirements 2.4% → Compliance 16% · Risk Management 16% · Banking 13% · Energy Industry 10%
  7. IAM 2.3% → Authorization Concepts 18% · Active Directory 17% · Entra ID 17% · Cloud Security 12% · One Identity Manager 10%
  8. Authorization Concepts 2.1% → IAM 19% · Data Modeling 13% · Authentication 12% · Governance 11% · Compliance 11%
  9. Auditing 2.1% → Compliance 24% · Financial Accounting 14% · HGB 13% · Quality Management 13% · ISO 27001 11%
  10. Data Protection 2% → IT Security 35% · Compliance 27% · Governance 17% · GDPR 15% · LLM 11%

Testing & QA 29 skills

Skills in the Testing & QA cluster, area by share of projectsTest Automation — in 5% of projects Often together with: CI/CD 47%, Playwright 19%, ISTQB 15%, Test Case Design 13%, Selenium 10%TestAutomationTesting — in 4.7% of projects Often together with: Test Automation 12%TestingTest Management — in 3.2% of projects Often together with: Test Case Design 17%, Defect Management 17%, ISTQB 16%, End-to-End Testing 13%, Xray 12%TestManagementDefect Management — in 1.8% of projects Often together with: Test Management 30%, Acceptance Testing 17%, Test Case Design 17%, End-to-End Testing 14%, Xray 11%DefectManagementIntegration Testing — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: Unit Testing 44%, End-to-End Testing 22%, UAT 12%, Playwright 12%, System Testing 10%IntegrationTestingTest Case Design — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: ISTQB 25%, Test Execution 18%, Test Documentation 17%, Test Data Management 16%, Manual Testing 15%Test CaseDesignPlaywright — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: Test Automation 68%, Selenium 24%, Cypress 23%, API Testing 20%, Jest 13%PlaywrightEnd-to-End Testing — in 1.3% of projects Often together with: Integration Testing 27%, Playwright 22%, Regression Testing 12%, API Testing 11%, Cypress 10%End-to-EndTestingISTQB — in 1.3% of projects Often together with: Test Case Design 28%, Xray 24%, API Testing 15%, Bitbucket 13%, Load and Performance Testing 10%ISTQBSoftware Testing — in 1% of projects Often together with: Test Automation 43%, Test Case Design 17%, ISTQB 16%, Selenium 12%, End-to-End Testing 11%SoftwareTestingTest Documentation — in 0.9% of projects Often together with: Test Case Design 30%, End-to-End Testing 20%, Test Execution 17%, Manual Testing 15%, Regression Testing 10%Xray — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: Test Management 50%, ISTQB 39%, API Testing 16%, Manual Testing 16%, Robot Framework 15%XrayTest Execution — in 0.7% of projects Often together with: Test Case Design 36%, Test Documentation 20%, Defect Management 20%, Test Planning 12%, Test Data Management 10%Functional Testing — in 0.7% of projects Often together with: Test Case Design 23%, Integration Testing 19%, ISTQB 15%, Test Documentation 12%, Test Data Management 10%Selenium — in 0.6% of projects Often together with: Test Automation 80%, Playwright 53%, API Testing 31%, Cucumber 28%, Cypress 24%SeleniumTest Data Management — in 0.6% of projects Often together with: Test Management 51%, Test Case Design 38%, ISTQB 28%, API Testing 21%, Load and Performance Testing 11%Regression Testing — in 0.6% of projects Often together with: Test Case Design 30%, End-to-End Testing 26%, ISTQB 26%, Manual Testing 19%, Test Data Management 15%Test Strategy — in 0.6% of projects Often together with: Test Management 45%, End-to-End Testing 23%, API Testing 14%, Test Planning 12%, Performance Testing 11%Manual Testing — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: Test Case Design 41%, Test Documentation 24%, Xray 23%, Regression Testing 21%, API Testing 18%Programming — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: Scripting 14%, Commissioning 13%
  1. Test Automation 5% → CI/CD 47% · Playwright 19% · ISTQB 15% · Test Case Design 13% · Selenium 10%
  2. Testing 4.7% → Test Automation 12%
  3. Test Management 3.2% → Test Case Design 17% · Defect Management 17% · ISTQB 16% · End-to-End Testing 13% · Xray 12%
  4. Defect Management 1.8% → Test Management 30% · Acceptance Testing 17% · Test Case Design 17% · End-to-End Testing 14% · Xray 11%
  5. Integration Testing 1.6% → Unit Testing 44% · End-to-End Testing 22% · UAT 12% · Playwright 12% · System Testing 10%
  6. Test Case Design 1.5% → ISTQB 25% · Test Execution 18% · Test Documentation 17% · Test Data Management 16% · Manual Testing 15%
  7. Playwright 1.4% → Test Automation 68% · Selenium 24% · Cypress 23% · API Testing 20% · Jest 13%
  8. End-to-End Testing 1.3% → Integration Testing 27% · Playwright 22% · Regression Testing 12% · API Testing 11% · Cypress 10%
  9. ISTQB 1.3% → Test Case Design 28% · Xray 24% · API Testing 15% · Bitbucket 13% · Load and Performance Testing 10%
  10. Software Testing 1% → Test Automation 43% · Test Case Design 17% · ISTQB 16% · Selenium 12% · End-to-End Testing 11%

Embedded & systems 39 skills

Skills in the Embedded & systems cluster, area by share of projectsSystem Integration — in 2.7% of projects Often together with: Requirements Engineering 12%, Interface Management 12%, Integration 12%SystemIntegrationAutomotive — in 1.7% of projects Often together with: Mechanical Engineering 13%AutomotiveDebugging — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: ABAP 21%, Customizing 15%, Code Reviews 14%, C++ 12%, Performance Optimization 10%DebuggingRoot Cause Analysis — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: Troubleshooting 25%, Incident Management 16%Root CauseAnalysisC++ — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: Python 39%, C 32%, Embedded Software Development 23%, Embedded Linux 15%, Debugging 13%C++Telecommunications — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: Electrical Engineering 24%, Networking 14%Pharma — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: GMP 30%, Life Science 17%, GxP 13%, Validation 13%, Chemie 11%PharmaValidation — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: Testing 24%, GMP 20%, Technical Documentation 15%, Commissioning 13%, Pharma 13%ValidationComputer Science — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: Agile Methods 25%, Business Informatics 19%, Electrical Engineering 18%, IT Security 13%, ITIL 11%ComputerScienceSystem Architecture — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: Requirements Engineering 21%, Software Architecture 15%, System Integration 14%, Systems Engineering 14%Healthcare — in 1% of projectsHealthcareSystems Engineering — in 0.9% of projects Often together with: System Architecture 17%, DOORS 15%, Verification and Validation 13%, Aerospace 13%, Defence 13%Defence — in 0.9% of projects Often together with: Aerospace 29%, Requirements Engineering 17%, Public Sector 16%, Systems Engineering 13%, Verification and Validation 12%DefenceGMP — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: Pharma 44%, Validation 29%, Commissioning 18%, GxP 15%, SOPs 11%GMPElectronics — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: Mechatronics 19%, PCB Design 18%, Automotive 17%, Hardware Development 16%, Verification and Validation 10%Embedded Software Development — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: C++ 45%, C 40%, Embedded Linux 16%, Debugging 16%, Functional Safety 10%Verification and Validation — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: Systems Engineering 16%, Validation 15%, Aerospace 14%, Defence 13%, Hardware Development 11%Mechatronics — in 0.7% of projects Often together with: Electrical Engineering 49%, Mechanical Engineering 37%, Electronics 21%, Automation Technology 12%, Assembly 11%C — in 0.7% of projects Often together with: C++ 69%, Embedded Software Development 44%, Embedded Linux 20%, Embedded Systems 11%, Software Testing 11%CSensor Technology — in 0.6% of projects Often together with: Commissioning 18%, C++ 17%, PLC Programming 12%, Electronics 12%, Systems Engineering 12%
  1. System Integration 2.7% → Requirements Engineering 12% · Interface Management 12% · Integration 12%
  2. Automotive 1.7% → Mechanical Engineering 13%
  3. Debugging 1.6% → ABAP 21% · Customizing 15% · Code Reviews 14% · C++ 12% · Performance Optimization 10%
  4. Root Cause Analysis 1.5% → Troubleshooting 25% · Incident Management 16%
  5. C++ 1.5% → Python 39% · C 32% · Embedded Software Development 23% · Embedded Linux 15% · Debugging 13%
  6. Telecommunications 1.4% → Electrical Engineering 24% · Networking 14%
  7. Pharma 1.2% → GMP 30% · Life Science 17% · GxP 13% · Validation 13% · Chemie 11%
  8. Validation 1.2% → Testing 24% · GMP 20% · Technical Documentation 15% · Commissioning 13% · Pharma 13%
  9. Computer Science 1.1% → Agile Methods 25% · Business Informatics 19% · Electrical Engineering 18% · IT Security 13% · ITIL 11%
  10. System Architecture 1.1% → Requirements Engineering 21% · Software Architecture 15% · System Integration 14% · Systems Engineering 14%

Finance & accounting 26 skills

Skills in the Finance & accounting cluster, area by share of projectsExcel — in 3.5% of projects Often together with: PowerPoint 25%, Controlling 12%, Financial Accounting 11%, Forecasting 11%, Power BI 11%ExcelERP Systems — in 2.2% of projects Often together with: Excel 14%, Financial Accounting 13%, Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central 11%ERPSystemsFinancial Accounting — in 2.1% of projects Often together with: HGB 40%, Accounting 24%, IFRS 22%, Accounts Payable 22%, Month-End Closing 16%FinancialAccountingFinance — in 1.9% of projects Often together with: Controlling 25%, Financial Accounting 22%, SAP FI 16%, Accounting 15%, HGB 13%FinanceControlling — in 1.5% of projects Often together with: Finance 30%, Budget Planning 21%, Forecasting 21%, Financial Accounting 21%, HGB 12%ControllingBusiness Administration — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: Excel 23%, Business Informatics 16%, Controlling 13%, Contract Management 12%, Industrial Engineering 10%HGB — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: Financial Accounting 71%, IFRS 51%, Accounting 35%, Month-End Closing 22%, Anlagenbuchhaltung 15%HGBAccounting — in 1% of projects Often together with: Financial Accounting 49%, HGB 39%, IFRS 27%, Accounts Payable 21%, Month-End Closing 15%AccountingForecasting — in 1% of projects Often together with: Budget Planning 50%, Excel 38%, Controlling 32%, Power BI 17%, Management Reporting 13%ForecastingMicrosoft Dynamics 365 Business Central — in 1% of projects Often together with: ERP Systems 26%, Financial Accounting 21%, HGB 14%, Finance 13%, Data Migration 11%IFRS — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: HGB 77%, Financial Accounting 60%, Accounting 36%, Month-End Closing 18%, Consolidation 17%IFRSAccounts Payable — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: Financial Accounting 59%, Accounts Receivable 57%, HGB 31%, Anlagenbuchhaltung 23%, General Ledger 22%AccountsPayableAccounts Receivable — in 0.6% of projects Often together with: Accounts Payable 68%, Financial Accounting 57%, HGB 26%, General Ledger 25%, Anlagenbuchhaltung 24%Tax Law — in 0.6% of projects Often together with: Financial Accounting 41%, HGB 33%, DATEV 14%, Month-End Closing 14%, Anlagenbuchhaltung 13%Tax LawReconciliation — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: Financial Accounting 44%, Accounts Payable 22%, Accounts Receivable 18%, Month-End Closing 17%, General Ledger 14%DATEV — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: Financial Accounting 55%, HGB 32%, Accounting 28%, Accounts Payable 20%, Tax Law 17%DATEVMonth-End Closing — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: Financial Accounting 73%, HGB 56%, Accounting 35%, IFRS 31%, General Ledger 17%Zahlungsverkehr — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: Banking 37%, Accounts Payable 22%, Accounts Receivable 17%, Anlagenbuchhaltung 12%, SWIFT 11%Cost Accounting — in 0.4% of projects Often together with: Controlling 35%, Financial Accounting 34%, SAP CO 32%, Forecasting 20%, Accounts Payable 16%General Ledger — in 0.4% of projects Often together with: Financial Accounting 57%, Accounts Payable 44%, Accounts Receivable 42%, Anlagenbuchhaltung 21%, Month-End Closing 20%
  1. Excel 3.5% → PowerPoint 25% · Controlling 12% · Financial Accounting 11% · Forecasting 11% · Power BI 11%
  2. ERP Systems 2.2% → Excel 14% · Financial Accounting 13% · Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central 11%
  3. Financial Accounting 2.1% → HGB 40% · Accounting 24% · IFRS 22% · Accounts Payable 22% · Month-End Closing 16%
  4. Finance 1.9% → Controlling 25% · Financial Accounting 22% · SAP FI 16% · Accounting 15% · HGB 13%
  5. Controlling 1.5% → Finance 30% · Budget Planning 21% · Forecasting 21% · Financial Accounting 21% · HGB 12%
  6. Business Administration 1.2% → Excel 23% · Business Informatics 16% · Controlling 13% · Contract Management 12% · Industrial Engineering 10%
  7. HGB 1.2% → Financial Accounting 71% · IFRS 51% · Accounting 35% · Month-End Closing 22% · Anlagenbuchhaltung 15%
  8. Accounting 1% → Financial Accounting 49% · HGB 39% · IFRS 27% · Accounts Payable 21% · Month-End Closing 15%
  9. Forecasting 1% → Budget Planning 50% · Excel 38% · Controlling 32% · Power BI 17% · Management Reporting 13%
  10. Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central 1% → ERP Systems 26% · Financial Accounting 21% · HGB 14% · Finance 13% · Data Migration 11%

SAP HCM · Sales · Payroll 28 skills

Skills in the SAP HCM · Sales · Payroll cluster, area by share of projectsSAP HCM — in 1.6% of projects Often together with: Payroll 42%, SAP SuccessFactors 20%, Public Sector 19%, ABAP 18%, SAP Fiori 12%SAP HCMSales — in 1.4% of projects Often together with: B2B Sales 28%, Cold Calling 16%, CRM 14%SalesPayroll — in 1.2% of projects Often together with: SAP HCM 57%, Social Security Law 18%, HR Administration 16%, SAP SuccessFactors 12%, Labor Law 11%PayrollCRM — in 1.1% of projects Often together with: Sales 18%, B2B Sales 17%, ERP Systems 15%, Salesforce 15%, Cold Calling 11%CRMWorkflow Management — in 0.9% of projects Often together with: Integration 14%, Authorization Concepts 14%, Automation 14%, Data Modeling 12%WorkflowManagementB2B Sales — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: Sales 47%, Cold Calling 33%, CRM 22%, SaaS 14%, Business Development 10%B2B SalesSaaS — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: Cloud Computing 17%, B2B Sales 15%, Software Architecture 13%, Software Development 13%, Sales 11%SaaSSAP SuccessFactors — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: SAP HCM 41%, Payroll 19%, HR-Prozesse 17%, SAP Integration Suite 14%, HR Systems 12%E-Commerce — in 0.8% of projects Often together with: Retail 10%, CRM 10%E-CommerceMarket Analysis — in 0.7% of projects Often together with: Sales 18%, Supplier Management 16%, Procurement 15%, Tendering 15%, Strategic Procurement 11%MarketAnalysisSalesforce — in 0.7% of projects Often together with: CRM 24%, Integration 24%, REST APIs 20%, Data Modeling 14%, SOAP 11%SalesforceTechnical Consulting — in 0.6% of projectsMarketing — in 0.6% of projects Often together with: Sales 21%, CRM 14%, Budget Planning 11%MarketingOnboarding — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: Recruiting 13%, SAP SuccessFactors 13%, IT Support 10%Customer Consulting — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: Sales 11%Cold Calling — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: B2B Sales 57%, Sales 47%, Scheduling 28%, CRM 26%, SaaS 14%B2B — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: Sales 20%, CRM 13%B2BBusiness Rules — in 0.4% of projects Often together with: ServiceNow 30%, CMDB 22%, Workflow Management 19%, SAP SuccessFactors 13%, Asset Management 11%HR-Prozesse — in 0.4% of projects Often together with: SAP HCM 37%, SAP SuccessFactors 31%, Payroll 29%, Labor Law 15%, HR Administration 14%Recruiting — in 0.4% of projects Often together with: Labor Law 19%, HR Management 18%, Onboarding 17%, HR Administration 12%, Cold Calling 10%
  1. SAP HCM 1.6% → Payroll 42% · SAP SuccessFactors 20% · Public Sector 19% · ABAP 18% · SAP Fiori 12%
  2. Sales 1.4% → B2B Sales 28% · Cold Calling 16% · CRM 14%
  3. Payroll 1.2% → SAP HCM 57% · Social Security Law 18% · HR Administration 16% · SAP SuccessFactors 12% · Labor Law 11%
  4. CRM 1.1% → Sales 18% · B2B Sales 17% · ERP Systems 15% · Salesforce 15% · Cold Calling 11%
  5. Workflow Management 0.9% → Integration 14% · Authorization Concepts 14% · Automation 14% · Data Modeling 12%
  6. B2B Sales 0.8% → Sales 47% · Cold Calling 33% · CRM 22% · SaaS 14% · Business Development 10%
  7. SaaS 0.8% → Cloud Computing 17% · B2B Sales 15% · Software Architecture 13% · Software Development 13% · Sales 11%
  8. SAP SuccessFactors 0.8% → SAP HCM 41% · Payroll 19% · HR-Prozesse 17% · SAP Integration Suite 14% · HR Systems 12%
  9. E-Commerce 0.8% → Retail 10% · CRM 10%
  10. Market Analysis 0.7% → Sales 18% · Supplier Management 16% · Procurement 15% · Tendering 15% · Strategic Procurement 11%

Insurance Industry · DB2 · Versicherungsumfeld 5 skills

Skills in the Insurance Industry · DB2 · Versicherungsumfeld cluster, area by share of projectsInsurance Industry — in 1% of projects Often together with: Banking 17%, Financial Services 16%, Business Analysis 15%Insurance IndustryDB2 — in 0.5% of projects Often together with: SQL 45%, Mainframe 25%, Maven 15%, Relational Databases 13%, Legacy Systems 11%DB2Versicherungsumfeld — in 0.4% of projects Often together with: Business Analysis 16%, Insurance Industry 12%VersicherungsumfeldLegacy Modernization — in 0.4% of projects Often together with: Java 30%, Migration 23%, Software Architecture 18%, SAFe 16%, Public Sector 10%LegacyModernizationMainframe — in 0.3% of projects Often together with: DB2 36%, Batch Processing 15%, Insurance Industry 13%, Banking 12%, Legacy Systems 11%Mainframe
  1. Insurance Industry 1% → Banking 17% · Financial Services 16% · Business Analysis 15%
  2. DB2 0.5% → SQL 45% · Mainframe 25% · Maven 15% · Relational Databases 13% · Legacy Systems 11%
  3. Versicherungsumfeld 0.4% → Business Analysis 16% · Insurance Industry 12%
  4. Legacy Modernization 0.4% → Java 30% · Migration 23% · Software Architecture 18% · SAFe 16% · Public Sector 10%
  5. Mainframe 0.3% → DB2 36% · Batch Processing 15% · Insurance Industry 13% · Banking 12% · Legacy Systems 11%

Skills that go with every stack

Some requirements show up in almost every cluster alike: languages, soft skills and cross-cutting topics such as project or stakeholder management. They say nothing about a project's technical focus – but they should not be missing from your profile either. The number is the share of projects that mention them.

How to use the clusters for your profile

  1. Find the cluster where most of your skills are – that is your market.
  2. Check the arrow lists of your key skills: a companion with a high share that is missing from your profile costs you projects – often only because it is not mentioned.
  3. Skills from neighbouring, closely linked clusters are the most natural extensions.

Projectmatch matches new projects against your profile automatically and shows, per project, which of the required skills your profile covers. Try it now.

See also: How remote are IT freelance projects? – remote, hybrid and on-site shares per role and city. And Most in-demand developer roles in German IT freelance projects – which roles are requested most and which skills each one asks for. And Most in-demand IT skills in German freelance projects – a page of its own for each of the most requested skills.

Method

An AI model extracts the required skills from every project listing. Because the same skill appears under many names ("ReactJS", "React 18", "frontend development with React"), all names are mapped onto uniform skills, and lists such as "React/TypeScript" are split. Per project we count whether a skill occurs, and for every pair of skills whether both occur.

How closely two skills are related is measured by normalised pointwise mutual information (NPMI): it is 0 when two skills occur together only as often as their frequencies would predict by chance, and 1 when they always occur together. Frequent skills therefore do not automatically show up as everyone's partner. The clusters are found with the Louvain method on the network of these relations. Only skills from at least 156 projects are included.